Formative Essay-Employment At Will Essay Example for Free

Formative Essay-Employment At Will Essay1. How is employment-at-will applied in your governing or in one with which you ar familiar? To what extent do the exceptions to employment-at-will limit its application in the organization? How might managers in the organization single-valued function knowledge of employment-at-will and its exceptions to protect the interests of the organization? An employment-at-will relationship where there is no contractual obligation to remain in the relationship either party may cease the relationship at any time, for any reason, as long as the reason is not prohibited by law (Bennett-Alexander Hartman (2007))The social club I dress at talks ab out(a) how they reserve the right to terminate your employment without notice and without receipt of any corrective Action Agreement, for any reason during the head start 90 days of employment and beyond. It goes on to give a list of actions or attempt of actions that will result in the company using the Corrective Action Agreement. 2. What are specific examples of roles that are filled by employees and others that are filled by independent contractors? Use examples from your employer, industry, or an employer or industry with which you are familiar. What do the employees and independent contractors have in common and how do they differ in dealing with employers? How might temporary employees be characterized in the organization or industry you select? Within the company there are several plane sections break-n-shear, welding, upholstery, sewing, cutting, electrical, wood shop, and shipping.The departments that do not use temporary workers are break-n-shear, electrical, welding, and since accident on friday cutting will no longer employee temporary employees. During our busy season (four months a year) the company hires temporary workers for sewing, upholstery, assembly, and shipping. The main difference is filings with IRS, benefits, and places to go, such as department of lab or to file grievances.The subcontractor receives no benefits, less of a financial obligation, and nowhere to file a grievance except small claims court. When I first started working at the company, I was hired as an employee with full benefits as benefits became available. The owner came to where I was working as a head sewer and told me that if I came to work with him that his aim was to make me manager of the sewing department. As the company grew, so did the subordinates underneath me. I started getting sick. Owner wanted to keep me and make adjustments. I went out on medical leave and quit because I can no longer do the job. Owner talked me into coming back as subcontractor. I asked for create verbally definition and term.The only people I answer to are the foreman, HR, and owner. Depending on subcontractor hired to do will determine who the subcontractor answers to not all mangers have that opinion at work but will after the training. When the job I was hired for is done my work at company is done. I receive no benefits the tax forms are different I am responsible for taking taxes and FICA out (paying). I am less of a liability than a unvarying employee. I am also paid a percentage not hourly pay. Other subcontractors are hired through temporary employment agencies.The company pays the agency based on an hourly scale for each temporary employee and the agency in turn pays the subcontractor. At the end of the busy season if a position opens up then one of the subcontractors would be offered a positioned. Subcontractors are not trained and employees are cross trained is the major difference anyways what was previously mentioned. The company has a policy that anyone who gets hurt on premises the company pays the medical for everyone including employees, subcontractors, and guests. The company views it as responsible and less of a liability (proactive approach).ReferencesBennett-Alexander, D.D., Hartman, P.L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th Ed ). New York McGraw-Hill.

Relationship between humans and nature Essay Example for Free

Relationship between piece and genius EssayMarlowe in his meter The passionate shepherd to his love talks of the sozzled link between humans and the nature that surrounds them. The poem from beginning to the end talks mainly of the nature that surrounds us wherever we go. The poem makes us understand that we are actually dependent on nature for all our needs. The nature in its splendor is so beautiful that Marlowe has actually united with the environment. The poem captures the joy of love, in the midst of nature. In fact reading the poem makes one wonder, if the natural splendor that ring Marlowe when he wrote the poem, was the reason for his love to flow like a river. Nature makes one forget around the present. In fact, it makes us forget all about ourselves and become one with nature as we enjoy and be part of the beauty that surrounds us in all its glory. Marlowe in this poem talks more(prenominal) of the nature that surrounds him and less about his love. The poem talk s of the quiet simplicity of rural brio and how humans are part of nature.There is no expressive style of separating humans from nature. The humans are dependent on nature for their very existence. The nature is dependent on humans to be admired and glorified. The human dependence on nature is highlighted by the fact that Marlowe is sitting upon a rock. He wants to make a bed of roses wool for a coat from the lambs, buckles for the slippers from gold, a smash-up of straw, the list goes on. Marlowe by writing this poem has made the readers understand the relationship between humans and nature. Annie Dillard in Sojourner talks of the reality in its entire splendor.She talks of the mangrove steer that floats and becomes like an island in a sense. She rediscovers the magic of nature and how it can be viewed in a beautiful sense. People ordinarily pull up stakes not give a second thought to a tree floating. She magnifies the significance and projects a simple natural event into some thing extraordinary. In fact Annie Dillard brings to life the mangrove tree that is all but dead. A tree that has no life has been brought to life with her words. When Dillard talks about the mangrove tree, she actually means the Earth and its movements.She tells that Earth is a sojourner, creating its own path and moves in a path that cannot be followed by any other thing on Earth. She tells that Earth is a wet ball thrown into eternity and humans are part of this. We the humans and nature have united to become one. She ends with a question enquire what will happen at the end of the journey. The mangrove tree will finally end up in the Ocean. So where do the Earth and the humans living on it finally end up, is a question left unanswered. Mangroves play a major role in the essay by Annie Dillard. She uses the tree to show the human nature.The mangrove starts from scratch and builds a strong foundation. The human nature and relationships are similar. We all start from scratch and bu ild many strong relationships as we grow. Some who are not able to make any relationships are like the mangrove tree felled by the hurricane, being tossed and not discerning the final destination. Annie Dillard unites with nature and is part of it. She talks of the Earths movement in words that make a person imagine and feel the true aura of nature. She has corporate the human nature and the nature to be examples of each other.

A Smart Action Plan

A Smart Action PlanAfter I had fall outed my first grade at University I realised that if I penury to become a successful student it is all-important(a) to flummox sequence-management skills. It is based on identifying our goals, prioritising and listing them in effect of magnitude to help us achieve the best result. We also need to identify our strengths, look at our work and think how we could mitigate it to get a better result in the future. We hatful do so using a journal or personal organiser. Time-management skills ar very important because if we chicane how to organize our judgment of conviction properly, we can carry out more and meet deadlines. It is important to start with setting our priorities because sometimes there is no time to pull in it off all of them. We need to be aware that some of them might take longer than we expected so we should write somewhere what we want to do and when we want to do it.ResourcesWe should start with identifying our goals and priorities. When doing so, we need to be realistic and definite virtually them. We must precise what necessarily to be through with(p), how and when. Then, it is recommended to start keeping an faculty member journal or a personal organizer where we can write in everything we do (such us important dates or study activities). It go out help us to look at the way we work and identify where further melioratements can be made. (Oxford Brookes University) To take the most out of the diary we should always carry it with us and keep it up to date. It is also recommended to check it many times a day and add brisk tasks straight into it. The last step is to identify how we legislate the time in order to find oneself if we use it productively. We need to list the work we surrender to do and precise the amount of time we want to exceed on carrying out particular tasks. The most important things should be highlighted or stared that can be easily seen, where the least important ones should be written in a pencil so we can change or remove them easily. (Cottrell S., 2003)Reflective commentThe first thing I did in order to improve my time-management skills was doing some background reading. I used a chapter of a book recommended by my tutor as well as some online resources. It gave me dateing of which locomote should be taken in order to became successful. I started with identifying my goal, which was preparing a good set of notes for my oncoming exam. Then I started writing in a diary activities I was think to do. The most important ones I wrote in using a pen (such as searching for material for my notes) and less important in pencil (like going away to the store or meeting someone). The following, I highlighted the most important one so every time I opened my diary it was the first thing I saw. It was a reminder of what is need to be done. Then I identified how much time I want to shed on these tasks.This technique helped me a lot with organizing my time. Now I know that before my problem had lied in spending too much time on unimportant things, therefore I had not had too much time to complete everything I wanted. After getting into a routine of planning my time and studying at set times I am more systematic and precise.ReferencesCottrell, S. (2003). The CREAM strategy for learning. In The Study Skills Handbook. 2nd ed. late York Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. p74-76.Oxford Brookes University. (2012). Time management. lendable http//www.brookes.ac.uk/student/services/health/time.html. Last accessed 12th Jan 2013.3. Theme 2 maturation an academic writing appearanceTheme Developing an academic writing styleActivityAs an international student I am even more aware of the importance of well-developed writing skills. It is crucial because the better our skills in writing are, the more flexible we can be while writing. There is no definitive definition what an academic writing style is but there are five technical qualities that help making a piece of writing academic. It needs to be Formal, Others, Cautious, Succinct, Impersonal (FOSCI). However, we need to start with developing a clothe of writing which is fundamental when working on academic essays and writing under time and exam conditions.ResourcesFirst what we should do is reach out up our confidence in writing. We can start with writing one world several times and find out our writing style. When a habit of writing is already developed, we need to get used to writing continuously. To do so, it is recommended to try to write for at least five minutes, whatever the content is. We can use this piece of writing in contiguous step where we need to rewrite already done piece of work and add the naked as a jaybird expound to it (such us information, opinion). Further step is focused on rewriting that piece and playing with what we have already written (changing the words, the orders). Then comes organising material where we highlight distributively idea in a dif ferent colour. Then rewriting the passage so colours are grouped. It is also important to know how to overcome writers block. We can for example write in pencil (it will remind us that this is a draft so mistakes are allowed and nobody needs to see it). We can also write on the computer where we can use a spellchecker. (Cottrell S., 2003)Reflective CommentI stubborn to improve my academic writing skills because I know how it can affect my grades. I applied this technique in several steps. I started with writing in pencil just about my first day in Scotland to get used to writing. I was doing it constantly for 5 minutes. Then, I read it and changed some words and added more details to it. The following, I have rewritten it and checked the grammar and spelling mistakes. Next, I again rewritten the piece but this time in different colours, separately relating to a different section what I saw, how I felt, what I wanted to do. While rewriting the last draft, I was grouping sections t ogether so it looked all tidied up and therefore easier for the reader to understand. The last-place piece I have rewritten on my computer and checked for unnoticed spelling and grammar mistakes.This technique was time consuming as required rewriting each piece of work several times but it is really worth it. The time I spent on getting used to using this technique took me nearly two weeks but it was really worth it. It paid me off with better-quality and enriched in details work in later days, when I was working on my coursework.ReferencesCottrell, S. (2003). Writing for university. In The Study Skills Handbook. 2nd ed. New York Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. p143-148.4. Theme 4 Self-knowledgeTheme Self-knowledgeActivityIn order to take some more chasten in my life and improve my performance I am going to improve my self-knowledge skills. Self-knowledge is about knowing ourselves intimately. It means knowing and understanding our inner feelings, motivations, weaknesses, strengths, motiv ations, desires, skills, etcetera and how they affect our behaviour (Ong T., 2004). This is the starting point when developing a skill and in achieving set goals. When is well-developed, increases our confidence and chances of success. It allows us to turn our weaknesses into strengths and present ourselves well to others, develop confidence or set our priorities for creating new skills.ResourcesIt is essential to know where are we starting from. Therefore we need to estimate to ourselves what we want to improve and how are we going to improve it. There are many ways of developing it, such as self- evaluation questionnaires, psychometric tests, reflective journals or using tutor feedback on our work. every last(predicate) of these are valuable because are giving people an objective view of how they behave and compare in outlook with others. It is also recommended to put ourselves in new situations, go to new places, experimenting new hobbies (exploring unfamiliar roles and situati ons we often discover new things about ourselves when were in unusual situations, or facing new challenges. (Mind Tools, 2012) It is also essential to write every day about our thoughts, feelings and emotions because regular writing improves self-knowledge (Cottrell S., 2003). It builds our emotional fluency and helps to find out things we need to work at in order to improve our performance.Reflective commentTo understand more about myself I am going to do a self-evaluation questionnaire or psychometric test. It will give me basic understanding of who I am and what should I work at, what my traits and preferences are. Then, I am going to apply the second step. I will present myself with new situation. I am planning to go the gym to attend aerobic class by my own. Because I had never been at this place before, I will be surrounded by strangers. I hope this experience will help me to discover new things about myself and how I deal with some of the aspects of my life. The following, I will write in my diary about my feelings of that experience and reflect on that. I believe that the collection of writing will help me understand the range of emotions I have experienced. I believe that out emotional self-analyse is a key-point in order to improve our performance.ReferencesMind Tools. (2012). Coaching to Develop Self-Awareness. Available Coaching to Develop Self-Awareness. Last accessed 12th Jan 2013.Tim Ong. (2004). The Importance of Self Knowledge. Available http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-of-Self-Knowledgeid=3560883. Last accessed 12th Jan 2013.5. Theme 4 Becoming a reflective practitionerTheme Becoming a reflective practitionerActivityTo improve my overall performance it is important to reflect on our work. Therefore I decided to improve my reflective practise skills. It is imperative because it helps us to better understanding of the work we are doing when we do it as well as after we have done it. It is critical evaluation of all the available eviden ce. Its purpose is reflecting on what went wrong and how we could possibly improve it and reflecting on what went good and thinking why it went good. It improves our evaluation skills, action plan for success as well as develops answers to our difficulties.ResourcesOur performance is likely to increase when we know how to reflect on our work. Things like studying are going to improve when we look at things such as our motivation, skills needed, things that disturb us and so on. There are several methods of developing the act of look while studying writing a learning journal, using the self-evaluation questionnaires, keeping portfolio, using the tutors feedback on our work or filling the continue sheets. In order to reflect on personal, academic and professional development we can start off with writing down anything we can reflect on. Such as our feelings about our friends or people we work with, the things we struggle with or the things we want to achieve. How everything we have learnt relate to real life or things we want to change. Writing our emotions down will help us to simplify our inner feelings, to work out plans and to focus on our development. The final step is reflecting on what we have learnt from the previous situation to the next one. (Cottrell S., 2003)Reflective commentTo improve my overall performance as a student at the University I am aware that it is crucial to start reflecting on my work and see what I do wrong or well. After doing some background reading, I decided to improve my reflective practise skills. To do so, I am going to use my copies of the assessments with the tutors comments on them. Then I am going to write down all the mistakes I have done and reflect on them, asking myself what I did wrong and why I did it and being focused on what skills I need to avoid this next time and how am I going to achieve this. I believe this will bring me a wider understanding of my mistakes and allow me to see what I could possibly improve an d change to get a better grade. In the next step I am going to be focused on filling the progress sheets for each module. I believe this activity will enhance my motivation because it will allow me to see the progress I am making and see the things I did wrong and therefore this will be helpful in avoiding them. In my final step will be reflecting on what I have learnt from the previous situation and applying it to the next one. I think this step is very important because when we are aware of what had gone possibly wrong, we can avoid making the same mistakes next time, improving our work and performance.

Concurrent Engineering Vs Traditional Sequential Methods

Concurrent Engineering Vs Traditional Sequential MethodsIn order to signify the differences amongst the traditional attack of sequential applied science and the new-fashioned concurrent engineering approach, I will simulate the release of an aircraft component onto the market, and explain in detail the change. I will point out differences between the methods as I go along.Traditionally, products were designed and manufactured following the sequential engineering methods, where people from different departments work one after the other on successive phases of development. This method of production is in a linear format. The different steps atomic number 18 done one after another, with all attention and resources cogitate on that one task. After it is completed it is left alone and everything is concentrated on the next task. The product is first completely defined by the engineering design department, and then the manufacturing department take over and define the manufacturing process, etc. This was a lengthy process, and often led to a lot of design changes as the prototype testing began, due to production problems, delays or design flaws. This is therefore a slow and costly approach, often leading to a low-quality and less war-ridden product.Concurrent Engineering, some quantifys called Simultaneous Engineering or Integrated Product Development (IPD), quarter be defined as a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the developers, from the out set up, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from conception through disposal, including quality, cost, schedule, and user studyments. This results in the product development squad clearly understanding what the product requires in terms of mission performance, environmental conditions during operation, budget, and scheduling. In this method, several teams within an pre sidential term work simultaneously to develop new products and services andthis therefore allows a much streamlined approach. Decision making involves full team participation and involvement. The team often consists of product design engineers, manufacturing engineers, marketing personnel, purchasing, finance, and suppliers, and the role of the leader is to supply the basic foundation and support for change, rather than to tell the other team members what to do. In concurrent engineering, different tasks are tackled at the same time, and not necessarily in the usual order. This representation that info found out later in the process can be added to earlier parts, improving them, and also saving a lot of time. Examples from companies using Concurrent Engineering techniques show significant increases in overall quality, 30-40% reduction in wander times and costs, and 60-80% reductions in design changes after release.BENEFITS ADVANTAGES of concurrentConcurrent engineering provides many benefits over sequential engineering, including glare manufacturing and production costs, improved quality of resulting end products and increased accuracy in predicting and meeting project plans, schedules, timelines, and budgets. Because the multidisciplinary teams working together early in the process can make informed decisions about cost, quality, process and product issues, trade-offs can be made between design features, part manufacturability, assembly requirements, material needs, reliability issues, usability requirements, and cost and time constraints. Any differences are usually reconciled early in the design process, leading to increased efficiency and performance, higher reliability in the product development process, reduced defect rate and ultimately a faster time to market which results in increased market share. This also means faster reaction times in responding to the rapidly changing market, which in turn fosters increased customer satisfaction and a highe r return on investments due to the reduced labour and resource requirements, improved inventory control and scheduling. Improved communication between individuals and departments within the firm also encourages cohesiveness, and a more pleasant working environment, which in turn can positively affect productivity of the workforce.Concurrent engineering is not a trivial process to engage therefore companies must be careful in using this approach. To be successful, they should initially compare themselves with their competitors to set a benchmark, and identify potential performance improvements and practical(prenominal) targets by analysing the market and knowing the customers. It is paramount to have the top managements support, and to develop a clear strategy and implementation plan which must be continually reviewed and revised with progress. Individualism should be suppressed within the team and project leaders must have a clear overall visualization of the project and goals. Cr oss -functional integration and collaboration needs to be established and encouraged, so as to foster team ethics and freely transfer technology and info between individuals and departments. Some organisations have been known to have problems in the past, which manifest themselves when there is an unwillingness to institutionalize concurrent engineering, and new reporting lines and reward systems are not set up to agree with the new approach. Problems can also arise if the employees have not had any training in teamwork, or if the schedules set are unrealistic. There needs to be a change in relationships with vendors in order for the concurrent engineering methods to work at their best, alongside a focus on process improvement rather than computerisation. Concurrent engineering is an evolving process that requires continuous improvement and refinement. This continuous improvement cycle consist of planning, implementing, reviewing, and revising. The process must be updated and revis ed on a regular basis to optimize the effectiveness and benefits in the concurrent engineering development process.ConclusionIn todays business world, a quick effective response to changing market needs is paramount if a corporation is to be successful. They must be fitting to reduce their time to market with an adaptable attitude and decision must be made quickly and correctly the first time around. If the firms waste time repeating tasks, as might happen using sequential methods, they will become less competitive, therefore concurrent engineering has emerged as way of pitch rapid solutions to product design and development process.Concurrent engineering is indisputably the future for new product development for all companies regardless of their size, sophistication, or product portfolio. In order to be competitive, corporations must be able to complete diverse tasks concurrently, even if that means altering their product and process development cycle. Although it will require a major reorganisation and be reviewed and adjusted for continuous improvements of engineering and business operations, this new process will benefit the company in the long-term.

Decision-Making Process of Chinas Economic Sanctions

Decision-Making Process of chinawargons stinting SanctionsIt is undoubtedly that the rest of the world ar increasingly concerned of mainland chinas stinting violence and how will China intend to habit the berth to advance geopolitical ends. China has enjoyed rapid scotch growth since the introduction of market reforms in 1978. The unusual sparing growth has made China becoming the second biggest economy in the world in the year 2010. Not scarcely did Chinas frugal power improves, the significant scotch growth has also provided China with greater opportunity and strength to increase political influence abroad through sparing means, so called stinting statecraft. Today stinting statecraft has become an ever to a greater extent evident feature of Chinas behavior in the international system, as the level of interdependence among China and the global economic grows.To define economic statecraft more clearly, this study will rely on Baldwins (1985) definition. Baldwin defin es economic statecraft as the engage of economic levers by states attempting to influence separate international actors through offering economic incentives or imposing negative sanctions1. In otherwise words, economic statecraft is divided into positive incentives and negative sanctions, and these will get through in the forms of good deal and capital. For example, positive incentives in the form of trade atomic number 18 favorable tax discrimination and trade subsidies, while capital incentives in the form of capital ar conflicting aid and investment guarantees. Examples of negative sanctions in the form of trade are embargo, boycott, and unfavorable tariff discrimination, while sanctions in the form of capital are aid suspension, issuezing assets and financial control.Chinese leaders generally choose carrots over sticks, as economic incentives provide mutual benefits to two economies and thus resulting in a win-win upshot. Examples are Chinas foreign aid activities in developing countries and Chinas free trade agreement with other countries, which both reasons not lonesome(prenominal) enable China to strengthen its relationship with other countries but also allow both countries to benefit economically. While the use of economic sanctions by China has been rather rare, which is not a surprising phenomenon. This is because China has a long-standing spot on the electric resistance of economic sanction2. It opposes sanctions as a way of resolving issues and condemns sanctions as an immoral punishment of vulnerable and the innocent populations. Chinas opposition is demonstrated through top Chinese leaders generally criticized other countries for imposing economic sanctions to punish wrongdoers. One example is that a Chinese foreign ministry official, Jiang Yu responded to the Frenchs call for massive sanctions against Iran to cease its atomic program in 2009, China always believes that sanctions a pressure should not be an option and will not b e conducive to the original diplomaticalal efforts over the Iran nuclear issues.3 Another example is that the Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi opposes sanctions on north-central Korea and expressed his view to the Japanese counterpart that unilateral sanctions were not the only answer to managing the situation on the Korean Peninsula and it would not resolve the nuclear issue of North Korea4. These two examples reflect Chinas belief of inefficacy of sanctions.Besides public critics of sanctions, China had also employ its Security Council veto to oppose against sanctions on countries including Myanmar in 2007, Zimbabwe in 2008, Syria in 2011 and 2012. Not only did Beijing thinks sanction is ineffective, but it also think sanction can inflict injury to the target countrys economy and the living of its people5. Beijing has repeatedly insisted that peaceful means should be employed as the priority option to resolve conflict, while sanction should only be utilize as a decision reso rt6. Indeed Chinas opposition stance on sanctions is consistent with its commitment to peaceful development and its pursuit as a responsible for(p) power. Chinas peaceful development has been the central theme of Chinese foreign indemnity since 2004. Beijing sees peaceful development as crucial to preserve a peaceful environment for sustaining its economic development and stability. In other words, China advocates a world with peace and harmony, in which all countries are benefiting from the shared prosperity. China also has been working towards to build its image as a responsible power to mitigate Chinas flagellum theory through proactively involve in international affairs.Despite Beijings long standing negative perception of economic sanctions, on that point is a trend of China increasingly make use of economic irresistible impulse in the international arena, which marks a new and significant phenomenon that contradicts with Chinas blandishment and its long-standing stance. This is evidenced in the quadruplet wooings that will be further explored in the later chapters. The first case is Chinas proposed economic sanctions on USs companies that engages in arms trade in to Taiwan in 2010. The second case is Chinas imports ban of crude soy oil from Argentina as a retaliation in response to Sino-Argentina tightness in 2010. The third case is where China imposed an export ban of rare-earth on Japan in face of the Sino-Japanese tension in the disputed oceanic island in 2010. The last case is Chinas restriction on Philippiness imported bananas following the Scarborough Shoal incident in 2012.These cases indicate the increasing propensity of China to make for economic coercions. The question presents here is that provided Chinas negative perception of economic sanction, why China still imposes economic sanction on other countries as a tool of economic statecraft? What are the decision process driving China to exercise economic sanctions? What are the char acteristics of Chinese economic sanctions?It is also worth noting that majority of the existing literature on Chinese economic statecraft focuses on the effects and efficacy of Chinese economic statecraft rather than on its motives and application. Because examples of Chinese economic coercion are relatively limited and understudied, an in-depth analysis of Chinas economic sanction is vital to understand the decision making process and what triggers China to resort to coercion especially in recent years. This study also further seek to explain how Chinas exercise of economic sanction fits into Chinas grand policy? This paper builds on Chinas economic statecraft literature specifically Chinese economic sanction in the field of International Political economy (IPE) by drawing key definition and concepts from influential works.1. Economic Sanctions and its effectivenessAs discussed in Chapter 1, economic sanctions are stemming from economic statecraft. Daniel Drezner (2003) defines ec onomic coercion as the threat or act by a vector government to disrupt economic exchange with the target state, unless the target acquiesces to articulated demand.7 Many scholars look at employ sender to refer to the state that imposes the sanction, while target means the sancti one and only(a)d countries. However it is noted that many studies today have used the term economic coercion and economic statecraft interchangeably despite that they are different8. To align with the current studies, this paper will treat these two terms as equivalent. at that place two major weaknesses with this definition. First, Drezners definition of sanction is too restrictive. It only views the behavioural change as the only desired outcome of sanctions by the sender, which in this case is the acquiescence to the senders demand. However, sanctions can also have outcomes such as signal and deterrence. Second, the definition limits itself to only one desired outcome by the sender. In fact, senders a re able to achieve more than one outcome on the target by imposing sanctions.Lindsay and Giumelli demonstrate that economic sanctions can achieve outcomes other than behavioral change and hold multiple goals. Lindsay claims that sanction can take up to five different actions including compliance, subversion, deterrence, international symbolism, or domestic symbolism9. Giumelli also defines three balance that sanction can take, which are coercion, constraint and signal10. For the purpose of this paper, I will utilize Giumellis three means of economic sanction to evaluate my dependent variables in Chapter 3.Most existing literature on economic sanctions focus on measuring the successful rate of economic sanctions. While the majority of literature in the 1970s and 1980s saw the low successful rate of economic sanction, many scholars concluded economic sanction to be ineffective. The study conducted by Hufbauer, Schott and Elloitt is one of the first to challenge the negative perceptio n and finds that 34 percent of cases in economic sanctions were successful in the twentieth century11. However, the findings has later been opposeed by other scholars. Scholar like Robert Pape re-conducted the study using the same dataset, yet he finds less than 5 percent of sanctions had succeeded and concludes their study inflated the success rate12.On the other hand, Drezner holds an opposite view than Paper where he asserts that success rate is potentially undervalued as a result of selection biases13. He argues that there were many cases where economic coercion ended at the threat phase rather than the impositions phase. These cases show greater chances of succeeding than when they are imposed due to change of pre-emptive behavior. Since Hufbauer et al. select those cases that are less likely to succeed when sanctions are imposed, Drezner argues that they downplays the role of hidden hand of economic coercion and hence the success rate is far higher.These researches share the frequent weakness in which they have solely depended on the behavioral change criterion to gauge the successfulness of economic sanction. This problem is exactly the same as the definition earlier. Without taking into account other effects of economic sanction, the effectiveness of sanction cannot be measured. This raises a question if really economic sanctions are proved to be so unsuccessful in practice, why policymakers still depended on it for its state governance? Not to mention that today there is still no consensus reached as to the degree of success of economic sanctions. This is because of a lack of a shared model for the study of successful sanctions. However, in general scholars agree on that a successful economic sanctions is to keep the target cost of deadlock and potential vulnerabilities large while having the cost of imposing small. For instance, Hufbauer et al. in its 3rd withstand edition advise that policymakers require to evaluate both the vulnerability of the target country to prospective sanctions and the viability of maintaining the sanctions regime14. Drezner in his book the sanctions paradox illustrates the importance to enlarge the pass in the costs of sanctions impositions, meaning to maximize the targets costs of noncompliance and minimize the senders costs of imposition15. Beside this, he also argues that the low expectation of future conflict between the sender and target will make sanctions more likely to succeed. His argument has proven to explain why allies are more likely to take big concession than the case with adversaries.It is worthy to note that the tools of economic sanctions are increasingly effective today than a decade ago, with improving abilities to enlarge the costs of targets while limit the senders costs. Smart or targeted sanction is one of them, where it was first introduced in 1990s. Smart sanctions are different to comprehensive sanctions in that they impose sanctions by targeting an individual or limite d sectors compared to targeting the whole country16. By doing so, yearn sanctions are able to effectively increase the costs in that group while slew the humanitarian effects on the target countrys population and disruptive economic impacts to other sectors.Asymmetric interdependence is another major tool that has been increasingly used by policymakers. Hirschman demonstrates that asymmetry interdependence serves as a source of power to the stronger and larger states as they have the coercive leverage over the weaker and small states, with the smaller states are depended on the economy of the larger state17. Building on the concepts of Hirschman, Robert Keohane argues that asymmetric interference can also apply to weaker states provided that they have the asymmetric favour in certain groups of the stronger states18. This thinking has challenged the original idea of asymmetry and provide explanation of why would weaker states impose sanctions on stronger states. Undoubtedly, the recent evolution of sanction tools stemming from the classical ones has increase the proliferation of the use economic sanctions.2. Chinese economic sanctionsFew scholars have commented on Chinas economic sanctions, and little remains to be found in the literature on this topic. This is simply because, strictly speaking, China does not formally impose economic sanctions unilaterally on other countries. Instead, China pursues other economic maneuvers that essentially have the same effect. To remain politically correct and technically accurate though, scholars use the term economic coercion to describe Chinas behaviour. Despite sharing the same objectives, economic sanctions mainly used by rich western countries and economic coercion have its own defining characteristics. Specifically, Chinas use of economic coercion is informal and indirect19. The Chinese government would never declare the true reason for the economic restrictions. Instead, other unrelated reasons are cited, leavin g the target country to connect the dots themselves.Some scholars are starting to believe that Chinas longstanding practice of shunning economic sanctions will soon come to an end. Beijing has become increasingly reliant on economic coercion to solicit policy change or as a means to send a message20. As the number and degree of tensions escalate, economic coercion may not be adequate. Chinas growing economic clout is another alarming development for some. With greater power, some scholars fear that China would be more inclined to use what is readily available at their disposal.On the opposite side of the argument, scholars believe that China would continue its limited use of economic policies as a tool. The argument goes like this Economic coercion or sanctions are detrimental to Chinas core national interests21. In particular, Beijing places great emphasis on peaceful development and creating a good international image. Imposing sanctions or coercion on other countries can seriousl y undermine that objective. Moreover, the stringent rules of the WTO greatly restricts the range of options that is available to Beijing. Pursuing an aggressive economic coercion strategy puts undue risks of violating WTO rules and damaging the countrys economic health.1. HypothesesAfter the analysis of literature review of economic sanctions, the following hypotheses are made to address the research question why China imposes economic sanctions? What trigger the use of economic sanctions? What are the distinctive characteristics of Chineses economic coercion?H1 China exercises economic sanction on non-allied countries when they harm Chinas national interest provided that the gain derived from sanction outweigh the cost.This hypothesis is built on the first appearance of Drezners Sanction Paradox theory, which argues that sanctioning states are more likely to sanction adversaries than allies despite a lower success rate. The adversaries would take a larger concessions if target inc urs significant more costs than senders costs. Since China views economic sanction as a last resort of resolving conflict, China will only imposes coercion when its core interest is infringed. In this case, the independent variable is damage or no damage to Chinas national security, while the dependent variable is the use of sanction.H2 China uses economic sanction where there is a sectorial asymmetric economic advantage over the target countryAsymmetric economic advantage allows China to have a higher chance of success in achieving its political goals in target countries with limited costs. This hypothesis also considers the importance of smart sanction for Chinas decision to impose sanction. In specific, asymmetric economic advantage in a certain sectors offers coercive leverage and source of power to contest against equally strong or stronger countries. China takes advantage of the sectorial asymmetric advantage not only can generate the most optimal benefit-cost outcome but also minimize negative impacts on the whole economy and humanitarian impacts on the population. Independent variable is economic sanctions with sectorial asymmetric economic advantage, and dependent variable is the use of economic coercion.H3 China uses implicit economic sanctions as its prioritized option and uses explicit economic sanction as a last resort Implicit economic sanction indicates sanctions in a non-declared and closed-door settings. The implicit feature of economic sanctions allows China to gain flexibility and minimize diplomatic fallout. It also allows China to reveal a relatively more consistent image of a responsible power that advocates peaceful development and peaceful resolution. China will only adopt explicit economic sanctions if implicit sanctions cannot work. The independent variable in this hypothesis is implicit economic sanction, and dependent variable is the use of economic sanction.3. Case StudiesIn order to examine the validity of these three hypotheses t hat together contribute to reasons why China uses economic sanctions. This study explores four case studies where China imposed economic sanctions against four different countries, which are the 2010 Sino-Taiwan arms war, the 2010 Sino-Argentina crude soy oil, the 2010 Sino-Japan rare earth war, and the 2012 Sino-Philippine banana war. In order to mow the selection and personal biases, this study compares four case studies and identifies the similarities and differences between these studies.On top of that, valued measures is also adopted. In detail, the monetary costs of both the sender and target countries, the time period of the target countrys response to Chinas sanctions, as well as the impact of the sanction on the countrys economy are measured. Given that these four cases are all trade sanctions, trade statistics are collected from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics (UN Comrade). These statistical results will also be contrasted case-by-case and is afterwards review together with the qualitative results. Even though the quantitative measures are not used to measure the effectiveness of Chinese coercion levers, they provide insights on the rationale why China employs these levers. The result can also confirm Chinas implementation of implicit economic coercions, as some may argue that Chinas moves are not economic sanction where they are independent of those incidents.Timeline/schedule for the thesisJanuaryAmend and Complete literature Review and methodology chaptersResearch and examine the current literature on the four case studiesFebruaryAnalysis of the qualitative analysis of four case studies and make comparison between the fourConduct quantitative analysis of the case studies and make comparisonMarchInterpretation of the results from both qualitative and quantitative analysis and make conclusionAprilFinal submission1 Baldwin David, Economic delicacy (New Jersey Princeton UP, 1985), 40-42.2 crowd together Reilly, Chinas Unilateral Sanctio ns, The Washington Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2012) 121-133.3 Willem V. Kemenade, China vs. the Western Campaign for Iran Sanction, The Washington Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2010) 99-114.4 Huileng Tan, China tells Japan sanctions against North Korea wont resolve nuclear issue, CNBN, September 14, 2016, http//www.cnbc.com/2016/09/14/china-tells-japan-sanctions-against-north-korea-wont-resolve-nuclear-issue.html (accessed December 8, 2016)5 Mu Ren, Chinas Non-intervention Policy in UNSC Sanctions in the 21st Century The Cases of Libya, North Korea, and Zimbabwe, Ritsumeikan International Affairs 12, (2014)101-1346 Ibid.7 Daniel W Drezner, The unnoticeable Hand of Economic Coercion, International Organization 57, no. 3 (2003) 643-659.8 Baldwin David, Economic Statecraft (New Jersey Princeton UP, 1985)9 James M Lindsay, Trade Sanctions As Policy Instruments A Re-Examination, International Studies Quarterly 30, no. 2 (1986) 153-17310 Francesco Giumelli, Coercing, Constraining and Signalling Explain ing UN and EU Sanctions After the Cold War (Colchester ECPR Press, 2011), 311 Gary C. Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott and Kimberly A. Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered Supplemental Case Histories, (Washington, D.C. Institute for International Economics, 1990)12 Robert A Pape, Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work, International Security 23, no.1 (1998) 66.13 Daniel W Drezner, The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion, International Organization 57, no. 3 (2003) 643-659.14 Gary C. Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott and Kimberly A. Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered Supplemental Case Histories, (Washington, D.C. Institute for International Economics, 2009), 69015 Daniel W Drezner, The Sanctions Paradox Economic Statecraft and International Relations, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1316 Daniel W Drezner, Sanctions Sometimes Smart Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice, International Studies Review 2011, no. 13 (2011) 96-10817 Albert Hirschman, National Power an d the Structure of extraneous Trade,(Berkeley University of California Press, 1980).18 Robert Keohane, and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence, 238-240.19 James Reilly, Chinas Unilateral Sanctions, The Washington Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2012) 121-133.20 Bonnie Glaser, Chinas Coercive Economic Diplomacy A New and worry Trend,CSIS, August 6, 2012, https//www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-coercive-economic-diplomacy-new-and-worrying-trend, (Accessed on 11 December 2016)21 Jianwei, Liu. Is china an emerging sanctioning state? Cooperation for a Peaceful and Sustainable World Part 2, 2013, 225-240.

Cloning: A Good Thing Essay -- Science Genetics DNA Clone Essays

clone A Good ThingA growing controversy in the world today is re-create. One locating is that cloning and cloning research should be banned altogether. Another position is in support of no restrictions of cloning and that scientists should be able to test on animals if they deem it necessary. Many other views are squeezed into different gray areas on the topic. It would be beneficial to explore the methods, benefits, moral and ethical conflicts involved with hu mankind cloning to fully understand the pros of cloning. The methods of human cloning and the research that accompanies them can provide a great deal of benefits. The benefits of human cloning include important aesculapian breakthroughs, reproduction, and morality issues. Animals and plants could be cloned to produce lifesaving medicines through the research obtained on the way to human cloning. Human cloning research could cure many incurable diseases. medical exam breakthroughs from cloning research could cure c ancer and heart attacks, lead to organs for organ transplants, and a revolution in cosmetic surgery. A balding man could have grafts made of his own hair and have it transplanted onto his scalp (Human Cloning Foundation). Human cloning technology could allow children to lead better lives than their parents did, because of medical breakthroughs. Cloning could lead to the fountain of youth. It could allow reproduction of organs so people could transplant organs and never die. Infertile couples co...

Natural Language and Computer Programs :: Computers Technology Technological Essays

Natural Language and Computer Programs Anyone who has tried to explain the workings of a estimator, or even a VCR, to an older relative has a very good idea of why natural linguistic process operation is a goal of computer science researchers. Simply put, most people sacrifice no desire to learn a computer language in order to use their electronic devices. In order to allow people to effectively use computer-based systems, those systems must be programmed to understand natural language the language a regular mortal speaks and respond in kind. Most natural language-processing systems break that task down into two parts, comprehension and production. Some systems, like the search engine ask.com, where the user types in a whole interrogative sentence instead of a few terms to search for, are programmed to take commands in English and so go through comprehension as their goal. Others, particularly those designed to pass the test proposed by Alan Turing in which a co mputer must pass as a human in conversation with an interrogator, are designed to simply produce realistic responses, sometimes without bothering to break down the input at all. For the purposes of simplicity, most natural language programs operate through typed input and printed or on-screen output, since speech recognition and production are just complications at this point and erect always be integrated later, simply by having the program convert the speech to text and vice-versa. By working only with typed input, a whole host of obstacles to understanding are avoided. People, when speaking, have accents, slur words, change sentence structure mid-thought, stick in like anywhere they want, and do many other things that make everyday speech overmuch less straightforward than the slightly more formal process of typing. Even typed, however, an English sentence is not an easy thing to parse.An example of this difficulty can be seen in the sentence I left a job for my wife. Ou t of context, it is impossible to determine which of two possible meanings is the correct one. Did the vocaliser leave a job (i.e. quit) because of his wife, or did he leave a job (i.e. let one remain) for his wife? A computer must be able to refer to the context around such a sentence in order to extract the meaning from it.