Roots of Anti-Semitism Essay -- essays research papers fc

After learning about the Holocaust, I’ve asked myself many times how this could have happened. Why would anyone believe it’s acceptable to massacre an entire people? This is my reasoning for writing my paper on how Christian theology influenced anti-Semitism. Much of the Holocaust appears to have it’s beginning with Christian theology. I will begin my paper with the early writings of Christians and continue chronologically until after World War II. The Apostle Paul was one the first people to criticize the Jewish people. At first, he tried to explain to the Christians not to adopt a superior attitude towards the Jews. IF THE PART OF THE DOUGH OFFERED AS FIRST FRUITS IS HOLY, THEN THE WHOLE BRANCH IS HOLY; AND IF THE ROOT IS HOLY, THEN THE BRANCHES ARE ALSO HOLY†¦DO NOT BOAST OVER THE BRANCHES. IF YOU DO BOAST, REMEMBER THAT IT IS NOT YOU THAT SUPPORT THE ROOT, BUT THE ROOT SUPPORTS YOU. [ROMANS 11] At one point this appeared to be Paul’s feeling towards the Jews and the Christians. His sentiment appeared to change, according to Christian suppressionists. In the text Romans, many of Paul’s statements were misinterpreted by those Christians to make themselves appear more superior to the Jewish people. †¦INCLUDING US WHOM HE HAS CALLED, NOT FROM THE JEWS ONLY BUT ALSO FROM THE GENTILES? AS INDEED HE SAYS IN HOSEA, "THOSE WHO WERE NOT MY PEOPLE I WILL CALL ‘MY PEOPLE,’ AND HER WHO WAS NOT BELOVED I WILL CALL ‘BELOVED.’" "AND IN THE VERY PLACE WHERE IT WAS SAID TO THEM, ‘YOU ARE NOT MY PEOPLE,’ THERE THEY SHALL BE CALLED CHILDREN OF THE LIVING GOD," †¦GENTILES, WHO DID NOT STRIVE FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS, HAVE ATTAINED IT, THAT IS, RIGHTEOUSNESS THROUGH FAITH; BUT ISRAEL, WHO DID STRIVE FOR THE RIGHTEOUSNESS THAT IS BASED ON THE LAW, DID NOT SUCCEED IN FULFILLING THAT LAW†¦ [ROMANS 9] "In proclaiming his Christian message Paul stressed that the Jewish nation had been rejected by God, and the new Covenant had superseded the old," said David Cohn-Sherbok, in his book The Crucified Jew. "In these ways the New Testament laid the foundations for later Christian hostility to the Jewish nation†¦and served as the basis for the early Church’s vilification of the Jews." (Cohn-Sherbok) Another early Christian writing which may have encouraged Jewish hatred is the Gospels of John. Sch... ...ns and the Holocaust. New York: Random House, 1997. Hay, Malcolm. The Roots of Christian Anti-Semitism. New York: Liberty Press, 1981. Hauer, Christian E. and William A. Young. An Introduction To The Bible: A Journey Into Three Worlds. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. "Jewish History." Online. Internet. www.Jewishhistory.org.il/600.htm. Kung, Hans. Judaism: Between Yesterday And Tomorrow. New York: Continuum, 1991. McBrien, Richard P., The Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995. Morris, Charles R.. American Catholic. New York: Times Books, 1997. Rausch, David. A Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990. "The Great Heresies of Gnosticism and the Revisions of Marcion." Online. Internet. www.bidstrup.com/bible.htm. Walker, Jim. "Martin Luther’s Dirty Little Book: On the Jews and Their Lies." 7 August 1996. Online. Internet. www.nobeliefs.com/luther.htm.

Foundation of Business Law

Charlie is going to rescind the contract. He demands return of his money and compensation for the loss of commission on several high profile sales of his business. He wants to rescind the contract because the package of software recommend by Carmine was obsolete, despite Carmine’s assurances. This problem is concerned with the contents of the contract which is term in the contract, the misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct.Charlie will claim that Carmine verbal assurances about the condition of the package of the software which recommended by Carmine was unable to utilise the Land Titles Office’s electronic lodgement of documents. Carmine will refer to the written contract which contains a clause that there is no warranty is given about or the quality of the software. But the parol evidence will support Carmine’s contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine which contains all the terms of the agreement.As these terms are clear and unambiguous, but there are no evidence can be admitted to change their contract. Charlie will claim that the â€Å"Contract of Sales† because that contract between he and Carmine was no in complete record. He will persist that it is an unclear and ambiguous written contract. If want applying the guidelines for the incorporation of oral terms it should show the guarantee about the software package in the term of the contract: * Timing of the statement Before signing the contract, Carmine have already assured Charlie.About that the software package was widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia and was â€Å"more than adequate for a small agency which was treated as a term: Van den Esschert v Chappell (1960) WAR 114. * Where one of the parties has special skill and knowledge Carmine is a representative of Realtor Data Ltd which is a computer company that specialises in software for the real estate industry. So he has more knowledge and skill about the softw are than Charlie: Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith Motors (1965) 1 WLR 623. * Importance of the statementBefore signing the contract, Carmine has already repeated a request for assurance that the software can download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Lands Titles Office, in the statement about the software was very important in the minds of both parties: Couchman v Hill (1947) KB 554. * Reduction of the term into writing The court will ask Charlie, why he does not persist to record the term in the written Contract of Sale: Routledge v Mckay (1954) 1 All ER 855. Charlie was unaware about the package of the software because he only has a basic knowledge about the software.Charlie can claim that the promise made by Carmine: ‘he assured Charlie would meet all his agency equipment’, it is a term of a separate or collateral contract which is supported by the consideration of entering into the main contract: De Lassalle v Guildford (1 901) 2 KB 215. The requirements of a collateral contract are as follow: * Promissory statement In the statement must have been promissory: JJ Savage & Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Carmine has already assured Charlie that he would meet all his agency requirements, which have already makes a promissory to Charlie.That mean the package of software can help Charlie download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Charlie’s office. * Intention The promissory statement must have induced the other party to enter the contract: J Evan & Son (Portsmouth) Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd (1976) 1 WLR 1078. Charlie had signed and entered into the contract because Carmine assured Charlie that the package of software was widely used by several companies in South Australia and it is adequate for a small agency. Besides hat, Carmine also assured that Charlie would meet all his agency requirements. So, Charlie was induced and signed the contract. * No incon sistency There must be no inconsistency between the collateral contract and the term of the main contract: Hoyts v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133. This is an area difficultly for Charlie because the written contract does not record the oral promissory made by Carmine. Charlie asked Carmine that is the software suitable for his company use and Carmine has assured Charlie that it is suitable for his company but this is not written in the contract.Charlie has signed the contract without noticing that parol was not recorded in the written contract. If he sign the contract that means he has confirm the contract. Charlie would succeed in an action for misrepresentation. Carmine has made a statement of fact about the package of software (‘this package is widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia wand was more than adequate for a small agency’) that is false and which has induced Charlie to signed and entered the contract. As a result of Carmine mis representation Charlie has suffered loss and damage of his company.It is fraudulent misrepresentation because Carmine knew that the package of software had already obsolete and had lie to make the sale. Charlie can rescind the contract and claim loss in the tort of deceit: Derry v Peek- Graw 12. 7. 2). Charlie can rescind the contract for unconscionable conduct. Carmine has destroyed the inequality in bargaining power that exists between him and Charlie. He is in much stronger position as a software dealer compared to Charlie who is in the weaker position as he just has basic knowledge of the software: CBA v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447.Conclusion * The parol evidence rule support Carmine contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine contains all the terms of the agreement. * Charlie would argue that the contract is partly written and partly oral contract, so that is an incomplete contract. * Charlie can seek rescission of the contract and claim Carmine that his damages in t ort of fraudulent misrepresentation. * Charlie can rescind the contract between him and Carmine. References Foundation of Business Law 2012

Essay Courage

Courage is a highly acclaimed trait in a person. It is raised up in war and times of struggle, but sometimes the intentions behind these courageous actions are overlooked. The value of courage lies not in the act itself, but in the motivations and values behind it. Simple being brave does not constitute courage. If an act is performed that has no thought behind, it loses its value. In the words of orator and lawyer Robert Green Ingersoll, â€Å"Courage without conscience is a wild beast. One should give some thought to an action before acting upon it. Without thought, or â€Å"conscience†, the action can be untimely and uncontrolled as would a â€Å"wild beast. † In 1999, two young men went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School. This rash action, lacking conscience or concept of right and wrong, did not exhibit courage. Rather, good intentions and motivations should fuel courageous actions. As British author Samuel Johnson states, â€Å"Bravery has no place w here it can avail nothing. In other words, courage or bravery is worthless and unnecessary if the final outcome cannot be beneficial. For example, the terrorists involved with the September 11th tragedy were not considered to be courageous here in the United States. Their actions caused grief and sorrow. Nothing positive resulted from their actions, so the United States and her allies looked upon this as a cowardly action. Courage is defined by the motivations and thoughts that exist within the action.If these do not exist, the value of courage is lost. As with the terrorists and the two young men at Columbine, their actions did indeed require nerve. However, they cannot be seen as courageous because of the lack of good motivation and value behind them. Even if one's courageous action does not turn out to be effective, others will know that the right intentions existed. For that, they will recognize true courage.

Cultural Event: Pan’s Labyrinth

XI LIU Cultural Event Paper: Pan’s Labyrinth I like watching movies, and I want to learn about different cultures from different countries. So I attended the cultural event of 2012 Foreign Film Series at 7:00 pm in October 9th. I was so excited that the Art History Organization gave us a chance to watch a Spanish film called Pan’s Labyrinth. I had heard of it before, but I had never watched it. This film combined the fantasy world and the real world perfectly. That is to say, it is a film of magic realism.I was attracted by the plot of the film, and I was astonished by the director’s conception and the visual effects even though a few scenes were a little bit disgusting and scary. The background of the story was traced to 1944, five years after the end of the Spanish Civil War. Spain was shrouded under the haze of fascist dictatorship. Those who were communist party members and the democratic persons were hunted down and killed savagely by the army. The plot of t he movie develops with resistance against forces of General Francisco Franco, whose leader was Captain Vidal and who ruled Spain as dictator.The protagonist Ofelia entered a magic world with three challenges that Pan gave to her. The film opened with the sound of a faint melody which was accompanied by the sound of Ofelia’s breathing and the frames of blood streaming from Ofelia’s nose while she was lying on the ground. With the background of white words showing on the screen and the voiceover telling us Ofelia’s status of princess in underground realm, the story started. Ofelia, who was twelve years old, took her pregnant mother to the north to rendezvous with her stepfather Vidal, whose real identity was a fascist officer responsible for repression of the local guerrillas.The purpose of Vidal’s living with Ofelia and her mother was his flesh and blood son to be born, and Vidal’s only pleasure was to study all kinds of ways to torture people who w ere caught. After watching her cold stepfather doing evil for fun, her sick mother and witnessing violence, Ofelia, who was surrounded by loneliness and fear, became addicted to fantasy for consolation. She was led to a deserted mill which was the entrance to the labyrinth by an insect elf, and the labyrinth porter who had long horns with goats and transparent eyes was waiting for her arrival.Pan told Ofelia that she was actually a lost princess from the underground kingdom and she had to accept three challenges and complete the tasks in order to go back to her kingdom. The first task was to save an old tree. Because there was a huge toad living in the root of the tree, the tree was on the edge of death. She had to take out a golden key from the toad’s stomach. The second task was to use the golden key to retrieve a dagger. In that room, there was an evil creature sitting at a table with a feast of beautiful foods which she could not eat.She was within an inch of her life aft er giving in to temptation. At the same time, her stepfather began more offensive activities of killing people above ground. Ofelia’s struggling with nightmares blurred the boundaries of reality and fantasy. The third task was to use her half-blooded brother’s pure blood to open the door of underground. Ofelia refused this requirement due to her virtuous heart. She didn’t realize that her stepfather had followed her, and she got shot by him.The scene was back to the initial scene of Ofelia’s streaming blood from her nose lying on the ground at the start of the movie. The ending of the movie can be interpreted in two ways. If it was real, she rejoined the kingdom using her own pure blood and opening the door of entrance. If not, then she ended the movie happy and certain that she was going to a better place, with the dictator powerless to stop her. Pan’s labyrinth is a movie based in a real historical background. It is clear to show us the antiwar a ttitudes with the development of the two main plots.However, it combines the cruel reality and the beautiful fantasy world perfectly to indicate the damages and hurt of the Second World War from the angle of a girl’s point of view. The role of Ofelia represents the whole group of children who were the victims who suffered most at that time. They were eager to live in a world of fairy tale. However, the war destroyed their real dream, leaving despair, hate and agony. One of the director’s obvious artistic characteristics is that he did well in applying contrasts to achieve great artistic effects.He uses the nice fairy tale to contrast the cruel reality and the darkness of humanity. The scene at the end of the movie, which was the same as the beginning, gives me a deep impression of an innocence girl. Thus it clarifies the abhorrence to the war and spiritual sustenance of longing for beauty. The question at issue that Pan’s labyrinth brings to us is whether fantas ies can rescue us from fascism. Around this theme, the director set out two main lines of the plot; one is the reality and the other is the girl’s fantasy world. Three challenges that the girl aced with and the atrocities of Captain Vidal which center on the question at issue reveal that fantasies cannot rescue us from fascism finally. In terms of importance, relevance and sufficiency, a very famous writer Justin Zhang for Slant Magazine stated that this film used a large number of symbolisms of blood to unveiled Pan’s labyrinth god’s mysterious veil (Zhang 24). This movie provides us sufficient and detailed content to reflect the inhumanity of Captain Vidal and the innocence of the little girl. The military executed justice with brutality, violence, cruelty, and no respect for civil rights.The examples of Vidal executing the man that was telling the truth about hunting rabbits, the doctor without any trial, and shooting Ofelia for no real crime, in addition to the brutal interrogation methods, embodies the inhumanity of Vidal. When Ofelia’s mother was in dystocia, he chose to save his baby son’s life but not his wife. These examples are important and relevant to reflect the character of Vidal. The example of Ofelia’s giving up using her half-blooded brother’s pure blood to open the door to the underground kingdom indicates her essence of innocence.All these examples of Vidal and Ofelia are important and relevant to the question at issue and the purpose. Pan’s labyrinth is a movie with deep understanding and implications. At first, it conveys a meaningful anti-war topic. The three tasks that Pan gave to Ofelia were to see if she dared to question when she realized that she was wrong. Eating grapes without resisting temptation in the second task and her refusal of handing over her brother indicates that she was an innocent girl with a rebellious spirit. All the settings of the roles and scenes have their u nique meaning.For instance, the scene of Vidal having his mouth cut open by Mercedes is derived from a tradition of Chelsea Smile. British people will cut the traitors’ or the enemies’ mouth as the shape of smile for punishment. The painting of Saturn Devouring One of his Children which was drawn by Spanish painter Goya, hung on the wall in the room where Ofelia finished her second task, is derived from a legend of Greek Mythology. It’s a painting with dark humor to interpret anti-war means. The design of the name of the leading role Ofelia is from Hamlet, written by Shakespeare. This may imply the tragic destiny of the little girl.In short, it is a film that has deep meaning regarding anti-war believing, rebellious spirit and challenges. Not only does it set out an issue that is worth thinking, but it also eulogizes justice and bravery. All these symbolism and settings reflect on its depth and make it a perfect film. However, Pan’s labyrinth does not exi st. It was made up by the director, but it is based on a real background. It is precise in describing all the characters of the roles in detail. And, also, it describes the violent scene more directly, such as the face with bloody pile of flesh and the scene of Vidal’s sewing his own mouth which was cut open.It has a visual power to make us know the cruelty of the reality. The scenes switch with accuracy and precision so that we do not feel the movie boring and long. It arranges all three challenges which interlace with Captain Vidal’s atrocities within two hours. So, I think that the movie is a success in its precision of characterization and mysterious scenes. In all, I like this movie. It gives me both visual impact and strong emotional shock. It’s a fantasy story based on the real history. The fantasy world gives me an illusion of beauty, but the cruel reality makes me sober enough to rethink profoundly and see the history clearly.This movie arouses peopleâ €™s thinking about whether fantasies can rescue us from fascism. The director used the deep symbolism and settings to make the film more thoughtful and have anti-war meaning in depth. The film also gives me a chance to do some research on the background and analyze the implications that the director made. I wish I could watch more movies like this in the future. Work Cited Zhang, Justin. â€Å"The Esoteric Interpretation of â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth†. †Ã‚  Slant Magzine. 06 2006: 24. print

Sales promotion campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales promotion campaign - Essay Example The main target demographic is comprised primarily of upwardly mobile middle class white collar workers interested in maintaining a certain status of success who typically already have well-defined ideas of what types of drinks are appropriate for their position in life. According to Hugh Archibald, chairman of the National Association of Cider Makers, â€Å"drinkers in England have a deep-rooted perception of cider as a rustic ‘alternative’ drink† (cited in C&C, n.d.). Recognizing value in a product is a quality most Britons pride themselves on, particularly in the larger cities among the prime demographic group. Among these consumers, image is important in helping to develop this perception of quality. â€Å"UK consumers know about quality, they have an expert knowledge of organic products and what is good for them. They understand that quality is important† (Vyse, 2005). If Magners can position itself as a product that offers higher quality and therefore greater value for the money spent, it can repeat its Ireland success throughout Great Britain as well. It will be the objective of this campaign to boost sales of Magners Cider in Great Britain to reflect a closer relationship to the 24% market share currently enjoyed i n Scotland. To bring attention to the organic nature of Magners Cider while still emphasizing a modern appeal, a sales campaign that focuses on addressing modern issues and technologies should be utilized. To bring the focus of the consumer onto the apples used in the production process, Magners can print up specialized packaging that includes a special apple icon denoting a percentage of the sales price will be donated to a children’s charity group. For those consumers who purchase their cider primarily at the pubs, specialized apple promotional materials can be created that can identify those pubs

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench301 Essay

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench301 - Essay Example The global beverage industry is dominated mostly by the fruit juice products. The soft drinks industry includes aerated drinks, carbonates, fruit juices, tea, coffee, etc. The industry is growing at a rate of more than 4 percent annually (Marketline, 2014). The growing health concerns of the consumers have lead to increased popularity of healthy fruit juices. However, the choice of fruit is market dependent, as different market has different taste preferences (marketsandmarkets, 2014). This study is based on the marketing strategies and upcoming marketing plans of Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc. It also includes the analysis of the competitive forces present in the industry by using porter’s five forces analysis, and the SWOT analysis of the company. In 2013, the global soft drinks market made revenue of $ 624,363.5 million, which represents a growth by 4.2 percent from 2009 and 2013. The Asia-pacific market grew by 6.9 percent ($169,360.7 million) whereas the European market saw relatively less growth of 2.4 percent ($188,413.7 million). In 2013, the market consumption also increased by 3.9 percent to 571.9 billion litres (Marketline, 2014). The carbonated soft drinks (CSD) industry has declined severely in U.S as the consumers are gradually giving up consuming CSDs to curb the growing epidemic of obesity across the nation. Studies have shown that the added sugar in the CSDs is responsible for the obesity among the consumers (Marketline, 2014; Wang, Bleich and Gortmaker, 2008). As a result, the consumers are switching to consumption of fruit juice drinks, as is considered as a healthier beverage which does not contain any added sugar (CBI, 2011). This change in consumption pattern has increased the sale of packaged fruit juice products. In U.K, from 2008 to 2013 the fruit juice industry has grown by 10 percent to  £4.8 billion (Marketline, 2014). The fluctuation of price of raw fruits has declined the

Sexual Harassment Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sexual Harassment Law - Research Paper Example The alleged misconduct should be so severe and pervasive as to disturb emotional wellbeing and work performance of the victim which conditions are prima facie requirement for a conduct to be characterized as sexual harassment. The paper further lists out reasons for an organization to have sexual harassment policy statement along with the contents of the written policy as stated in the appendix. This research has also discussed the case law of Beth Ann Faragher, Petitioner V. City Of Boca Raton (1998). 1. Define sexual harassment as the term is used legally.   The legal definition of sexual harassment is: the illegal discrimination in employment based on sex. This definition is only a part of the behaviors that could constitute sexual harassment. The illegal employment discrimination behaviors and the experiences of sexual harassment often overlap. They are however not congruent. Some behaviors are readily identifiable as sexual harassment such as the supervisor’s demand on the employee to engage in sexual activity with him as a condition to continue in employment. Sexual harassment may not be overtly experienced by the victim but subjectively in a less defined contexts which may not be illegal (Gold, 2004). In Harris v Forklift Systems, Inc (1993), it was held by the Supreme Court that psychological injury cannot be claimed to prove sexual harassment under the constitutional law. ... Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) has been entrusted with the responsibility to enforce the provisions of Civil Rights Act relating to discrimination (Gold, 2004). The EEOC’s definition of sexual harassment states â€Å" Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when (1) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment, (2) submission to rejection or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the purpose or the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment† (Gold, 2004, p. 20) The definition has evolved through case law. The EEOC guideline cannot be technically law though it is subject to the judicial review of the Supreme Court. Thus, review has resulted in two kinds of sexual harassment. One, Quid pro quo harassment which arises when an employee is forced to exchange sexual favors for the benefit of employment present or future or to avoid adverse employment action. Second one is Hostile environment harassment that results in â€Å"severe or pervasive ridicule, unwelcome intimidation or insult based on sex† (p 21) 2. Explain how sexual harassment differs from gender discrimination.   Gender discrimination is mainly based on an individual’s gender in a sub group of female or male. It is different from sexual harassment for want of sexual